Tsuga heterophylla, the western hemlock or western hemlock-spruce, is a species of hemlock native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit in northern Sonoma County, California. The Latin species name means ‘variable leaves’. Western hemlock is the state tree of Washington.
Western Hemlock can grow to be quite tall, typically reaching heights between 50 to 70 meters. Exceptional specimens can grow even taller, with some records indicating heights up to 83 meters (about 270 feet). The tallest specimen, 82.83 m tall, is in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California (United States). The species is long-lived, especially at higher elevations, with trees over 1,200 years old known.
Young trees can grow relatively quickly in ideal conditions, often adding 60 cm to 1 meter (2 to 3 feet) of height per year in their youth under optimal conditions, although this rate slows as the tree matures. The trunk diameter of a mature Western Hemlock can exceed 2 meters (over 6 feet), with some very old or particularly robust trees reaching diameters of up to 2.7 meters (9 feet) or more.
Western Hemlock has a straight trunk with a conical crown that becomes more irregular with age. The top of the tree often droops slightly. Its needles are short, are arranged in a flat spray and have a blunt tip. On the upper side, the needles are a dark green, but they have two distinctive white bands of stomata on the underside, which can give the tree a slightly lighter green appearance when viewed from below or when the wind flips the branches. Each needle is attached to the twig by a tiny, peg-like structure called a pulvinus, which remains on the twig after the needle falls
When young, the bark is smooth and has a brown to grayish-brown color. As the tree matures, the bark becomes darker, often turning a deep reddish-brown or even purplish-brown. Initially smooth, the bark of older Western Hemlock trees develops deep furrows and ridges, giving it a rough, scaly appearance. These ridges can be quite thick and pronounced. The furrows in the bark run vertically, and the ridges between them can sometimes appear somewhat flaky or plate-like.
Western Hemlock cones are relatively small compared to those of some other conifers. The cones are ovoid or cylindrical when closed, becoming more open and rounded as they mature and release their seeds. When young, the cones are green, turning to a light brown as they mature. After releasing their seeds, they can remain on the tree for some time, turning grayish-brown. The cone scales are thin, flexible, and rounded at the tips. Each scale can bear two seeds. The cones open to release seeds in the fall, typically from September to October. The seeds are winged, which aids in wind dispersal.
Growth Characteristics
- Form: Young trees have a very conical shape with a pronounced leader (the topmost growing shoot). As they age, the top often becomes less pointed, and the overall form can become more irregular, especially in trees that have experienced damage or competition.
- Longevity: Western Hemlocks can live for several hundred years, with some trees reaching ages of 400 to 500 years or more. This longevity contributes to their ability to achieve such impressive sizes.
Environmental Factors Influencing Size
- Soil and Moisture: They thrive in deep, moist, well-drained soils. Their size can be significantly influenced by the availability of water, with larger specimens often found in areas with high rainfall or near water sources.
- Climate: The temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest provide ideal conditions for Western Hemlock, where the combination of mild temperatures, high humidity, and ample rainfall supports their growth.
- Competition: In dense forest stands, Western Hemlocks might not grow as wide due to competition for light, but they can still achieve great heights as they reach for the canopy.
Habitat
- Distribution: Native to the west coast of North America, its range extends from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska south to northern California, predominantly in the coastal rainforest regions but also in some inland mountain areas.
- The species is closely associated with temperate rainforests, and most of its range is less than 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the Pacific Ocean.
- The species can also be found in humid areas of mountains further inland, where western white pine is normally dominant. For example, in the Columbia Mountains in and around southeastern British Columbia and northern Idaho.
- Ecology: Western Hemlock thrives in moist environments and can tolerate shade very well, which allows it to grow under the canopy of larger trees like Douglas-fir. It’s often found in mixed coniferous forests.
Uses
- Timber: The wood of Western Hemlock is light, strong, and relatively easy to work with, making it valuable for construction, pulp, and plywood. It’s also used for boxes, pallets, and as a raw material for various wood products.
- Landscaping: Due to its attractive form and ability to grow in shade, it’s also popular in landscaping, although it might not be as commonly planted in urban settings due to its size and need for moisture.
- Ecosystem Services: It plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems by providing habitat for various wildlife species, contributing to water regulation, and participating in nutrient cycling.
Challenges
- Pests and Diseases: Western Hemlock, like its eastern cousin, can be susceptible to pests like the hemlock woolly adelgid, although this pest primarily affects Eastern Hemlock. However, other issues like root rot and heart rot can affect its health.
- Conservation: While not currently listed as endangered, changes in climate, logging practices, and pest outbreaks could impact its population. Sustainable forest management practices are essential for its conservation.