Plumeria (Frangipani): Origin, Characteristics & Cultivation

Plumeria also known as frangipani is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae, of the family Apocynaceae. Most species are decidous shrubs or small trees. The species are native to the Neotropical realm (in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, and as far south as Brazil and as far north as Florida in the United States), but are often grown as cosmopolitan ornamentals in tropical regions, especially in Hawaii, as well as hot desert climates in the Arabian Peninsula with proper irrigation.

The genus was named after the 17th-century French botanist Charles Plumier, who documented many plant species during his explorations. Plumeria was later spread throughout the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, where it flourished due to its adaptability and beauty.

The plant’s common name, frangipani, is said to have originated from an Italian marquess, Frangipani, who created a perfume in the 16th century that resembled the flower’s scent. When European explorers encountered the plumeria, they associated its fragrance with this well-known perfume.

Plumeria is best known for its exquisite flowers, which are five-petaled and come in a range of colors, including white, yellow, pink, red, and various combinations. The flowers are famously fragrant, producing a sweet, rich aroma that intensifies at night. This scent attracts moths, which pollinate the flowers. Interestingly, plumeria flowers do not produce nectar; they use their fragrance as a deceptive mechanism to lure pollinators.

Plumeria plants can be grown as trees or shrubs and are characterized by their long, leathery, and deciduous leaves. The branches are often thick and somewhat succulent, storing water for dry conditions. The plant can grow up to 20 feet tall or more, depending on the species and growing conditions.

Plumeria holds significant cultural and spiritual meanings in various parts of the world. In Hawaii, the flower is used in leis and is a symbol of positivity and welcome. In Hindu and Buddhist traditions, plumeria is associated with immortality and devotion. In some cultures, the plant is also used in rituals and is a common sight at temples and cemeteries.

Plumeria thrives in warm, sunny climates and well-draining soil. It requires minimal care once established and is drought-tolerant, making it a popular ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical landscapes. However, it is susceptible to frost and needs to be protected or moved indoors in cooler climates. Propagation is often done through stem cuttings, which can root easily in the right conditions.

Plumeria blooms during the warmer months and may go dormant in winter. During dormancy, it loses its leaves, and the bare branches may appear lifeless. However, once temperatures rise again, new growth and blooms emerge.

Traditionally, parts of the plumeria plant have been used in folk medicine. The sap, bark, and leaves have been applied for their purported anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and healing properties. However, caution is advised as the plant’s sap can be mildly irritating to the skin or toxic if ingested in large quantities.

Types of Plumeria

  • Plumeria rubra – Often called the Common Frangipani, it has red or pink flowers, though it can also come in various shades of yellow, white, or multi-colored.
  • Plumeria obtusa – Known as the Singapore Plumeria, features white flowers with a sweet, delicate scent. It’s noted for its evergreen leaves.
  • Plumeria pudica – The Bridal Bouquet Plumeria, has white flowers with a yellow center, smaller and less fragrant than others but blooms more frequently.
  • Plumeria stenophylla – Also known as the Lemon Plumeria, it has small yellow flowers. It’s less common and noted for its narrow leaves.
  • Plumeria alba – White Plumeria, with pure white flowers, often used in traditional Hawaiian leis.
  • Plumeria ‘Celadine’ – A cultivar with striking, vibrant red and yellow flowers.
  • Plumeria ‘Maui X-Ray’ – Known for its unique coloration where the flower appears to glow under UV light, typically yellow with pink edges.
  • Plumeria ‘Hawaiian Red’ – As the name suggests, this variety has deep red flowers, sometimes with a yellow or white center.
  • Plumeria ‘Candy Stripe’ – Features striking striped flowers, usually in red and white or pink and white.
  • Plumeria ‘Intensifier’ – A newer hybrid known for its intense fragrance and large, dark pink flowers with yellow centers.

Cultivation

Climate and Location

  • Temperature: Plumeria thrives in warm climates, preferring temperatures between 65°F (18°C) and 80°F (27°C). They can tolerate light frost but will suffer in colder conditions.
  • Sunlight: These trees love full sun but can benefit from some afternoon shade in extremely hot climates to prevent leaf burn. They require at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily.

Soil Requirements

  • Type: Plumeria prefers well-draining soil to prevent root rot. A mix of cactus potting soil with sand or perlite works well for both garden and container planting.
  • pH: They do best in slightly acidic to neutral soil, with a pH range of 6.0 to 6.5.

Watering

  • During Growth: Water Plumeria deeply but allow the soil to dry out between waterings. Over-watering can lead to root rot, especially during the non-growing season.
  • Dormancy: Reduce watering significantly during the dormant season (winter), when leaves fall off, to avoid root rot.

Fertilization

  • Type: Use a high-phosphorus fertilizer to encourage blooming. A balanced fertilizer during the growing season (spring-summer) promotes healthy growth.
  • Frequency: Fertilize monthly during the active growth period. In winter, fertilization should be minimal or stopped.

Pruning

  • Timing: Prune in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. This helps shape the tree and encourages more blooms.
  • Method: Remove dead or diseased branches, and cut back long, leggy branches to stimulate branching.

Propagation

  • Cuttings: Plumeria is typically propagated from cuttings. Cut a mature branch (about 12-18 inches long), let it dry for a week to form a callus, then plant it in well-draining soil.
  • Rooting: Keep the soil slightly moist until roots develop, which might take several weeks.

Pests and Diseases

  • Common Pests: Watch for scale insects, mealybugs, and spider mites.
  • Control: Use a mild insecticidal soap or neem oil for pest control. Ensure good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases.
  • Diseases: Root rot is common if the soil doesn’t drain well. Black tip fungus can affect leaves and branches; prevent this by not over-watering and ensuring good air flow around the plant.

Additional Tips

  • Repotting: If growing in containers, Plumeria might need repotting every 2-3 years due to their root development.
  • Winter Care: In areas with frost, consider moving potted Plumeria indoors or wrap the branches in insulating material if planted in the ground.