Amelanchier, also known as shadbush, shadwood or shadblow, serviceberry or sarvisberry, juneberry, saskatoon, sugarplum, wild-plum or chuckley pear, is a genus of about 20 species of deciduous-leaved shrubs and small trees in the rose family.
Amelanchier is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, growing primarily in early successional habitats. It is most diverse taxonomically in North America, especially in the northeastern United States and adjacent southeastern Canada, and at least one species is native to every U.S. state except Hawaii and to every Canadian province and territory. Two species also occur in Asia, and one in Europe.
Serviceberries produce clusters of white (sometimes pink-tinged) flowers in early spring, often before or as the leaves emerge. hese flowers are typically five-petaled. The leaves are usually oval with fine serrations along the edges. They are green during the growing season and turn to brilliant shades of yellow, orange, and red in the fall.
Following the flowers, serviceberries develop edible berries that ripen to a red or purple-black color by early summer. These berries are sweet, juicy, and can be eaten fresh or used in jams, pies, and other culinary applications. They’re also a favorite among birds.
Depending on the species or cultivar, serviceberries can grow as multi-stemmed shrubs or be trained into single-trunk trees. Their size can range from small shrubs to trees up to 25 feet or more in height. The bark is smooth and grey when young, sometimes developing a more textured appearance as the tree ages.
Serviceberries contribute to biodiversity by supporting local wildlife and can be part of native landscaping or restoration projects. The flowers provide nectar for early emerging pollinators like bees. The fruits are a food source for various birds and mammals.
Types of Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.)
Amelanchier alnifolia (Saskatoon Serviceberry or Western Serviceberry)
- Native to North America, especially the western parts. Known for its sweet, edible berries, often used in pies and jams.
Amelanchier arborea (Downy Serviceberry or Juneberry)
- A tree that can grow quite tall, named for the downy hairs on the young leaves and stems. It’s found in the eastern U.S.
Amelanchier canadensis (Canadian Serviceberry or Shadblow Serviceberry)
- Grows as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree. It’s well-adapted to wetter conditions and has a natural range along the east coast of North America.
Amelanchier laevis (Allegheny Serviceberry)
- Known for its smooth, nearly hairless leaves when mature. The flowers are particularly showy, and it’s native to eastern North America.
Amelanchier ovalis (Snowy Mespilus or Dwarf Serviceberry)
- A European species, smaller and more shrub-like, with white flowers and dark blue to black fruit.
Amelanchier utahensis (Utah Serviceberry)
- Adapted to arid regions, this species is found in the southwestern U.S. It’s drought-tolerant and produces small, edible berries.
Amelanchier stolonifera (Running Serviceberry)
- Forms thickets by spreading through underground stems (stolons), making it suitable for naturalizing or erosion control.
Amelanchier lamarckii (Lamarck’s Serviceberry)
- Originally from Europe, it’s grown for its attractive spring blossoms and vibrant fall color. Sometimes considered a hybrid or synonymous with A. × grandiflora.
Amelanchier × grandiflora (Apple Serviceberry)
- A hybrid between A. arborea and A. laevis, known for its large, showy flowers. Cultivars like ‘Autumn Brilliance’ are popular for their fall color.
Amelanchier asiatica (Asian Serviceberry or Korean Serviceberry)
- Native to East Asia, this species is less common in Western gardens but valued for its ornamental qualities in its native region.
Amelanchier bartramiana (Mountain Juneberry or Bartram’s Serviceberry)
- More shrub-like, found in cooler, often higher elevation habitats in North America. It’s noted for its clusters of white flowers and small, dark fruits.
Amelanchier humilis (Low Serviceberry)
- A low-growing species that’s particularly hardy, found in more northern and rocky environments. It’s less commonly cultivated but valuable for its adaptability.
Cultivation
- Climate: Serviceberries are adaptable to a range of climates but generally thrive in temperate regions. Hardiness varies by species, but many are suitable for USDA zones 3-9.
- Soil: They prefer well-drained soil but can tolerate a variety of soil types, including clay. A slightly acidic to neutral pH is ideal.
- Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade; more sun typically leads to better flowering and fruiting.
- Water: While they are somewhat drought-tolerant once established, regular watering, especially in dry periods, promotes healthier growth and fruit production.
- Pruning: Minimal pruning is required; it’s mainly to remove dead or crossing branches. Pruning can be done in late winter or early spring before bud break.
Uses
- Ornamental: Due to their year-round interest (spring flowers, summer fruit, fall color, and winter structure), they’re popular in landscaping.
- Edible Landscaping: Gardeners grow them for their berries, which are not only delicious but also nutritious, containing vitamins and antioxidants.
- Native Plant Landscaping: Useful in native gardens, especially in North America, where they can be part of wildlife-friendly or woodland garden designs.